1,810 research outputs found
Organisational Change and Performance: The Effect of Inertia, Extent of Niche Expansion and Organisational Characteristics
Organisational change is one of the most popular and interesting topics in business, among both academics and practitioners. However, from previous research development in organisational change, the limiting conditions that apply to the two competing paradigms call for more empirical investigations in different organisational contexts (Aldrich, 1979). Enough research has been conducted on organisational change to make it clear that both content and process dimensions of change should be evaluated, and their separate effects need to be distinguished (Barnett and Carroll, 1995). The previous theories and analyses often tend to only one dimension. Furthermore, previous researchers comment that the dynamic effect of change has been ignored in recent tests of structural inertia theory (Delacroix and Swaminathan, 1991; Haveman, 1992; Kelly and Amburgey, 1991). Very few empirical studies seek to link change action to organisational performance, and the destabilizing effects of change have been assumed more than tested in the previous organisational research studies (Barnett and Carroll, 1995, Carroll and Hannan, 2000).
This thesis is one of the first studies to investigate the effects of both organisational change content and organisational change process outside Western countries. It seeks to escape from the binary distinction of adaption versus selection embraced by opposing theoretical camps, and looks for a more balanced stance. Drawing on the literature on organisational change in organisational ecology and associates the claims of managerial scholars, considers the above research suggestions, it directly examines the broader implications of inertia theory and recent developments in niche expansion theory relating with the measurement to dynamic performance consequences of organisational change. It integrates a number of important theoretical variables to address a variety of distinct theory fragments. These include expectation of firms’ on the survival threshold of change, regression toward the mean, time variance of the change effect, cascading change and the effect of organisational characteristics of opacity, asperity, intricacy and viscosity (Hannan, Polos and Carroll, 2007). It separately examines the effect of the change process on performance (Barrett and Carroll, 1995), empirically tests the effects of organisational characteristics on the change length and on the change process. Both the lack of studies outside Western countries and the lack of studies on the process of organisational change make this study a path-finding study.
This thesis is applied to a case organisation in the safety and filtration industry in China. It aims to test the generalizability of organisational change theories in this specific context and the predictability of change theories. In order to achieve these aims, this thesis adopts an in-depth qualitative research strategy and a detailed operational design. The qualitative methods it used were interviews, observation and documentation. The findings were consistent with the theoretical predications. There was a positive relationship between the experience of previous change types and the likelihood to adopt the same type of change in the future. It also demonstrated that there was a significant relationship between the extent of niche expansion and the change effect on performance. The more extensive the organisational change, the more unrelated the niche expansion move, and the more organisational performance is likely to be negative. The results also gave support to the predication of this study that the instant effects of organisational changes were harmful, but declined over time; organisational change might improve performance in the long run in the context of environmental transformation in the safety and filtration industry of China. However, the role of the pre-change condition to initiation change and the relations of the pre-change condition and change consequences were not obviously observed from the results of the empirical data collected in this study, the measurement model was re-estimated and further study to verify the results was suggested. Moreover, the organisational characteristics of intricacy, viscosity, opacity and asperity extended the length of the organisational change process, and the length of the change process negatively affected performance. However, the result showed that opacity not only led to an under-estimation of the change length but also an over-estimation. It only happened in the change cases in which a similar type of change was previously implemented and the managers had relevant change experience with that change type. In order to demonstrate that the theories from the adaptation and selection camps are not mutually exclusively, this study examined the possibility of ambidexterity which is in the centre of the organisational adaptation camp (O’Reilly and Tushman, 2008). The results showed that a limited number of change cases conditionally supported the proposition’s predication in this study: it was possible to simultaneously achieve flexibility and efficiency in the organisational change process, with the condition that only if a similar type of change was implemented previously and the managers had previous experience.
Finally, this thesis proposed that the theories of organisational adaptation and selection were complementary; some effects of change processes were interpreted better by one view than the other, and it suggested a possible way of disentangling the propositions to directly examine the elements influencing the change process and the consequences on performance functions by considering both theories. The findings of this paper have strong implications for future research into organisational change studies by several dimensions, and they shed light on several important practical issues in business
Temporal-topological properties of higher-order evolving networks
Human social interactions are typically recorded as time-specific dyadic
interactions, and represented as evolving (temporal) networks, where links are
activated/deactivated over time. However, individuals can interact in groups of
more than two people. Such group interactions can be represented as
higher-order events of an evolving network. Here, we propose methods to
characterize the temporal-topological properties of higher-order events to
compare networks and identify their (dis)similarities. We analyzed 8 real-world
physical contact networks, finding the following: a) Events of different orders
close in time tend to be also close in topology; b) Nodes participating in many
different groups (events) of a given order tend to involve in many different
groups (events) of another order; Thus, individuals tend to be consistently
active or inactive in events across orders; c) Local events that are close in
topology are correlated in time, supporting observation a). Differently, in 5
collaboration networks, observation a) is almost absent; Consistently, no
evident temporal correlation of local events has been observed in collaboration
networks. Such differences between the two classes of networks may be explained
by the fact that physical contacts are proximity based, in contrast to
collaboration networks. Our methods may facilitate the investigation of how
properties of higher-order events affect dynamic processes unfolding on them
and possibly inspire the development of more refined models of higher-order
time-varying networks
GROWN+UP: A Graph Representation Of a Webpage Network Utilizing Pre-training
Large pre-trained neural networks are ubiquitous and critical to the success
of many downstream tasks in natural language processing and computer vision.
However, within the field of web information retrieval, there is a stark
contrast in the lack of similarly flexible and powerful pre-trained models that
can properly parse webpages. Consequently, we believe that common machine
learning tasks like content extraction and information mining from webpages
have low-hanging gains that yet remain untapped.
We aim to close the gap by introducing an agnostic deep graph neural network
feature extractor that can ingest webpage structures, pre-train self-supervised
on massive unlabeled data, and fine-tune to arbitrary tasks on webpages
effectually.
Finally, we show that our pre-trained model achieves state-of-the-art results
using multiple datasets on two very different benchmarks: webpage boilerplate
removal and genre classification, thus lending support to its potential
application in diverse downstream tasks.Comment: Submitted to CIKM '2
The Semantic Features of “v+adv” in Native English Public Speaking Setting
This paper explores and concludes the features and semantic prosodies of adverbs in public speaking setting by native English speakers through a corpus-driven approach. The corpus used is a sub-corpus (CES_C) from the self-built corpus (CES) comprising of 177 texts (type token) that are original and authentic speeches delivered by celebrities from UK and US. The speakers of these speeches are varied from all walks of life including presidents, business elites and etc. In terms of research methodology, this study is conducted both the quantitative approach of corpus linguistics and the qualitative approach of observation. By annotated part-of-speech (POS) with Treetagger tool, the study examined the occurrence frequency of adverbs and listed top 30 high-frequency adverbs employed in the corpus. Then different categories of adverbs were analyzed in terms of semantic function, and the frequency of occurrence was calculated respectively. The results shows the use of adverbs only accounts for 5% of all the words which is relatively lower than the use of other part of speech. Besides, some adverbs have certain semantic orientations based on different categorized adverbs, which provides intuitive reference resources for English public speaking teaching and learning in ESL/ EFL community. In addition, the combination of research focuses such as corpus, semantic prosody, public speaking and adverbs can be used as reference to enlarge the scope of corpus study and enhance the level of public speaking research
Non-consensus opinion model on directed networks
Dynamic social opinion models have been widely studied on undirected
networks, and most of them are based on spin interaction models that produce a
consensus. In reality, however, many networks such as Twitter and the World
Wide Web are directed and are composed of both unidirectional and bidirectional
links. Moreover, from choosing a coffee brand to deciding who to vote for in an
election, two or more competing opinions often coexist. In response to this
ubiquity of directed networks and the coexistence of two or more opinions in
decision-making situations, we study a non-consensus opinion model introduced
by Shao et al. \cite{shao2009dynamic} on directed networks. We define
directionality as the percentage of unidirectional links in a network,
and we use the linear correlation coefficient between the indegree and
outdegree of a node to quantify the relation between the indegree and
outdegree. We introduce two degree-preserving rewiring approaches which allow
us to construct directed networks that can have a broad range of possible
combinations of directionality and linear correlation coefficient
and to study how and impact opinion competitions. We find that, as
the directionality or the indegree and outdegree correlation
increases, the majority opinion becomes more dominant and the minority
opinion's ability to survive is lowered
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